What is a bung? Eight Premier League managers accused of receiving alleged illegal payments

Eight Premier league managers are alleged to have received illegal payments, known as 'bungs' during their careers, according to revelations made in The Telegraph's latest undercover investigation.

A number of agents were recorded unknowingly revealing the "greed" in English football, and exposing allegations of an "under the table culture" that threatens to destabilise the state of the game in this country. Sam Allardyce was already resigned due to the undercover the investigation, although there is no suggestion of Allardyce taking any illegal payments as he was recorded in a separate meeting negotiating lucrative speaking engagements in the Far East and advising supposed Far East investors in how to get around Football Association rules on third-party ownership.

The Telegraph also claims that it will reveal the identity of a Premier League assistant manager who is accused of accepting a £5,000 payment by their reporters purporting to be Far Eastern investors.

An unauthorised and undisclosed payment to a club manager - or any other decision maker within a club, for example to a scout or club official - to "grease" a deal. In other words, a secret financial incentive to make a transfer happen.

The most common method would be an agent paying a club official - perhaps a manager - a "backhander", or slice of his own cut, to persuade someone to do a deal. In some cases an agent might work in cahoots with a selling club. For example, a club wants to sell a player and values him at £1m. An agent hawks him around and sells him for £2m. The difference is then split between the agent and whoever he has "bunged" at the buying club to make it happen. Another scenario could see a manager asking his board to acquire a specific player via a specific agent, who then secretly hands a cut of his fee back to the manager. It is believed that, in some cases, English clubs have signed players who were actually available for nothing but fees were paid under false pretences.

Bungs are bad for the game, and in some cases illegal, for various reasons. First, they influence people to make decisions on financial, not sporting, grounds. Second, they can effectively amount to fraud, with buying clubs spending cash under false pretences. Third, bungs are anecdotally paid in cash, or into offshore accounts, creating the possibility of tax evasion. Fourth, and most important to football fans, any bung is ultimately the supporters' money.

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Since the advent of the Premier League in 1992, English football's top division has been awash with unprecedented amounts of cash, mainly from television rights deals. Premier League players' wages have risen astronomically, to a current average of £1.7m basic annual pay (around £2m with bonuses). Between 1992 and 2006, agent numbers in England alone grew from a few dozen to almost 200, each seeking a slice of a hugely lucrative market.

Agents are estimated to take around £150m per year from the English game, directly and indirectly from players and clubs, most of that legally. But with such riches at stake, and cuts from some £1.5bn of transfer deals per year up for grabs, there is clear potential for agents and other middlemen, in some cases, to make secret and illegal subsequent payments to third parties to help them seal transfers. Every pound of "unnecessary spend" is inevitably passed on to supporters through inflation-busting ticket prices.

Bungs, by their very nature, are hard to prove. If agent X has legitimately earned £1m commission on a deal and then hands £100,000 to a manager in cash in a brown envelope, or pays it from his own offshore account into someone else's offshore account, proof is elusive. Similarly, anyone who has ever offered or taken a bung will not rush forward to say so, while anyone who has declined a bung will struggle to prove a negative beyond doubt and in a legally watertight manner.

One manager, George Graham, was sacked by Arsenal in 1995 after taking bungs of £425,000 from a Norwegian agent, Rune Hauge, to sign two Danish players, Pal Lydersen and John Jensen. But he was the only person punished after a Premier League inquiry that lasted several years in the early 1990s. Other figures were implicated in bungs but not charged for various reasons, including ill health in the case of Brian Clough.

There have been rumours of "dodgy" managers and agents for years. In January 2006, Mike Newell, the manager of Luton Town, said he had been offered bungs and last month named one of the agents allegedly involved, Charles Collymore. Ian Holloway, the former coach of Queens Park Rangers, also said that month that he knew of illegal payment offers. Sven Goran Eriksson, England's then manager, and his agent, Athole Still, were also secretly recorded by The News of the World intimating that they knew of a bung culture in the game. Later that year, Panorama alleged - via several agents - that Sam Allardyce, then Bolton Wanderers manager, had been involved in irregular deals, and the programme secretly filmed Allardyce's son, Craig, an agent, implicating his father. A variety of other agents, managers and club officials have voiced suspicions that dodgy deals happen in football. These included Colin Gordon, the agent of the current England manager, Steve McClaren, who claimed that the majority of agents working in England are corrupt.

The FA will charge any managers, officials or agents where there is evidence of wrongdoing. The police will get involved if criminal activity is suspected. There will be calls for total transparency about the deals probe, and there will be little or no transparency. If nobody is found guilty, expect cries of "whitewash" from the public.

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Note: This article was originally posted in 2006 and can be found here.