Trump border wall address fact-checker: All the false and misleading statements made by the president

The first misleading statement in President Donald Trump's Oval Office address on Tuesday night came in the first sentence.

Mr Trump, addressing a national television audience from behind his desk, warned of a "security crisis at the southern border" - even though the number of people caught trying to cross illegally is near 20-year lows.

Another false claim came moments later, when Mr Trump said border agents "encounter thousands of illegal immigrants trying to enter our country" every day, though his administration puts the daily average for 2018 in the hundreds. A few sentences later, he said 90 per cent of the heroin in the United States comes across the border with Mexico, ignoring the fact that most of the drugs come through legal entry points and would not be stopped by the border wall he is demanding as the centrepiece of his showdown with Democrats.

Over the course of his nine-minute speech, Mr Trump painted a misleading and bleak picture of the situation at the US-Mexico border. He pumped up some numbers, exaggerated the public safety risks of immigration and repeated false claims regarding how to fund a border wall.

The appearance, coming as a partial federal government shutdown resulting from the wall fight enters its third week, underscored the extent to which Mr Trump has relied on false and misleading claims to justify what has long been his signature political issue.

One false claim noticeably absent from the speech was the assertion made by the president and many of his allies in recent days that terrorists are infiltrating the country by way of the southern border. Fact-checkers and TV anchors, including those on Fox News, spent days challenging the truthfulness of the claim.

Below are the truths behind Mr Trump's claims from the Oval Office address:

By any available measure, there is no new security crisis at the border.

Apprehensions of people trying to cross the southern border peaked most recently at 1.6 million in 2000 and have been in decline since, falling to just under 400,000 in fiscal 2018. The fall is partly because of technology upgrades; tougher penalties in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks; a decline in migration rates from Mexico; and a sharp rise in the number of Border Patrol officers. The fiscal 2018 number was up from just over 300,000 apprehensions at the US-Mexico border for fiscal 2017, the lowest level in more than 45 years.

There are far more cases of travellers overstaying their visas than southern border apprehensions. In fiscal 2017, the Department of Homeland Security reported 606,926 suspected in-country overstays, or twice the number of southern border apprehensions. In fiscal 2016, US officials reported 408,870 southern border apprehensions and 544,676 suspected in-country overstays.

While overall numbers of migrants crossing illegally are down, since 2014, more families from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras began to trek to the United States in search of safer conditions or economic opportunities, creating a humanitarian crisis.

"Record numbers of migrant families are streaming into the United States, overwhelming border agents and leaving holding cells dangerously overcrowded with children, many of whom are falling sick," The Washington Post reported on 5 January. "Two Guatemalan children taken into US custody died in December."

Southern border apprehensions in fiscal 2018 averaged 30,000 a month (or 1,000 a day). They ticked up in the first two months of fiscal 2019, but it is a stretch to say "thousands" a day. Better to say "hundreds."

Some context here: In general, economists say illegal immigration tends to affect less-educated and low-skilled American workers the most, which disproportionately encompasses black men and recently arrived, low-educated legal immigrants, including Latinos.

The US Commission on Civil Rights in 2010 found illegal immigration has tended to depress wages and employment for black men. However, there are other factors at play, and "halting illegal immigration is not a panacea even for the problem of depressed wage rates for low-skilled jobs," it found.

The consensus among economic research studies is that the impact of immigration is primarily a net positive for the US economy and to workers overall, especially over the long term. According to a comprehensive 2016 report by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on the economic impacts of the US immigration system, studies on the impact of immigration showed "the seemingly paradoxical result that although larger immigration flows may generate higher rates of unemployment in some sectors, overall, the rate of unemployment for native workers declines."

In 2017, more than 15,000 people died of drug overdoses involving heroin in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That works out to about 300 a week.

But while 90 per cent of the heroin sold in the United States comes from Mexico, virtually all of it comes through legal points of entry. "A small percentage of all heroin seized by CBP along the land border was between Ports of Entry (POEs)," the Drug Enforcement Administration said in a 2018 report. So Mr Trump's wall would do little to halt drug trafficking. Mr Trump's repeated claim that the wall would stop drug trafficking is one of his more dubious.

"In the last two years, ICE officers made 266,000 arrests of aliens with criminal records, including those charged or convicted of 100,000 assaults, 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings. Over the years, thousands of Americans have been brutally killed by those who illegally entered our country, and thousands more lives will be lost if we don't act right now."

Mr Trump warns about dangerous criminals, but the numbers he is citing involve a mix of serious and non-violent offences such as immigration violations. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement reports yearly arrest totals without breaking down the type of offence, which could be anything from homicide to a DUI to illegal entry.

Notice how Mr Trump switches quickly from the 266,000 arrests over two years to charges and convictions: "100,000 assaults, 30,000 sex crimes, and 4,000 violent killings." In many cases, the people arrested face multiple counts, so that switch gives a confusing picture.

In fiscal 2018, ICE conducted 158,581 administrative arrests for civil immigration violations. The agency's year-end report says two-thirds (105,140) of those involved people with criminal convictions and one-fifth (32,977) involved people with pending criminal charges. Of the 143,470 administrative arrests in 2017, 74 per cent involved people with criminal records and 15.5 per cent who had pending charges. But these totals cover all types of offences - including illegal entry or re-entry.

In the fiscal 2018 breakdown, 16 per cent of all the charges and convictions were immigration and related offences.

No government statistic tracks children smuggled in by bad actors, "coyotes" or "drug gangs." What Mr Trump is referring to is CBP's number for family unit apprehensions, a monthly statistic. The family unit by definition must include at least one parent or legal guardian and one minor. (There is a separate figure for unaccompanied alien children.)

That number was 25,172 in November, the most recent month for which data are available, but it is wrong to describe it as a statistic that represents children being "smuggled" into the country.

Mr Trump describes this as 20,000 children, but it could be many more considering that some families have multiple children. More important, Mr Trump describes this as children being smuggled in by coyotes or drug gangs, but border officials screen for false claims of parentage. To imply as Mr Trump does that a child's mother, father or legal guardian is a smuggler, coyote or drug gang member in all of these cases is wrong.

The Trump administration considers the Flores settlement agreement a loophole. That policy requires the government to release unaccompanied immigrant children who are caught crossing the border within 20 days to shelters, family members or "least restrictive" settings.

The president also wants to tighten US asylum laws generally and the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorisation Act, with the goal of restricting some immigrants' opportunities to file asylum petitions. Mr Trump describes these asylum provisions as "border security loopholes," but supporters call them core provisions of US laws that cover refugees.

Mr Trump suggests Democrats requested a steel barrier rather than a concrete wall, but the proposed switch to steel was an idea the Trump administration brought up. No Democrats are on record demanding a steel barrier along the US-Mexico border.

Mr Trump tweeted a similar claim in March, citing a study from the Centre for Immigration Studies, which supports more restrictive immigration policies. Essentially, the claim that the wall pays for itself turns on three numbers: a) estimated savings from each undocumented immigrant blocked by the wall, b) the total number of undocumented immigrants stopped over 10 years, and c) the cost of the wall.

It is (a) $75,000 multiplied by (b) 160,000 to 200,000 equals (c) $12 billion to $15 billion. So, if the wall actually costs $25 billion, the number of undocumented immigrants halted by the wall would need to be doubled, or one has to assume it would take 20 years to earn the money back. But other experts offer different estimates for each of those numbers.

Plus, as we have previously reported, the wall would do little to stop drugs from entering the United States, since they primarily come in through legal points of entry, making the cost of illegal drugs irrelevant to this issue.

This is a Four Pinocchio claim. During the campaign, Mr Trump promised more than 200 times Mexico would pay for the wall, which the administration says would cost at least $18 billion. Now, he says a minor reworking of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will earn enough money to pay for the wall.

This betrays a misunderstanding of economics. Countries do not "lose" money on trade deficits, so there is no money to earn; the size of a trade deficit or surplus can be determined by other factors besides trade. Congress must still appropriate the money, and the trade agreement has not been ratified.

Mr Schumer, Hillary Clinton and many other Democrats voted for the Secure Fence Act of 2006, which authorised building a fence along nearly 700 miles of the border between the United States and Mexico. But the fence they voted for is not as substantial as the wall Mr Trump is proposing. Mr Trump himself has called the 2006 fence a "nothing wall."

The Washington Post