Inside the race to find the missing Titanic submarine - the deepest ocean rescue operation in history

Rescuers are in a race against time to reach a deep-sea submarine that disappeared carrying a pilot and four crew on a tour to the Titanic wreckage.

The OceanGate Expeditions tourist and research vessel Titan lost communications with the research vessel the Polar Prince one hour and 45 minutes into its 3,000m deep dive early on Sunday morning (18 June).

Rescuers say the vessel will run out of oxygen on Thursday (22 June) and are searching an area of the North Atlantic Ocean about the size of Connecticut, 900 miles (1450kms) off the coast of Cape Cod.

British billionaire explorer Hamish Harding, OceanGate Expeditions CEO Stockton Rush and French diver Paul-Henri Nargeolet — known as Mr Titanic — are onboard, along with Pakistani businessman Shahzada Dawood and his 19-year-old son Suleman Dawood.

Rescuers are yet to find any trace of the vessel or its crew members.

“We have to remain optimistic and hopeful,” Captain Jamie Frederick, the response coordinator for the First Coast Guard District, said during a press briefing on Wednesday (21 June).

With the search now in its third day, experts say the chances of finding anyone alive are dwindling. Waning oxygen reserves and extreme cold are counting against the rescue mission, while no light reaches the depth of the Titanic, hampering a visual search of the wreck.

Five additional rescue vessels will arrive in the next 24-48 hours, after the estimated time when the Titan’s oxygen reserves will have been exhausted. Five other vessels have already searched a 10,000sqm area for any sign of the OceanGate Expeditions submersible.

The US and Canadian Coast Guards have launched long-distance reconnaissance aircraft including two C-130 Hercules and a Boeing P-8 to conduct radar and visual search.

Sonar buoys and a sonar ship have also been deployed to scan for any sign of the Titan.

Rear Admiral Mauger said the sonar devices have a listening depth of 13,000 feet (4,000m), the same depth as the Titanic wreckage.

The crushing pressure of the ocean at that extreme depth means that an unmanned vehicle such as a US Navy’s Curv-21 would realistically be the only vessel that could reach the missing submersible.

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The Curv-21 can reach a depth of 20,000 feet and relays video, navigation and sonar data back to operators on the ocean surface via its fibre-optic “umbilical cord”, according to the US Navy.

In an interview with Good Morning America on Tuesday, Rear Admiral Mauger said the US Coast Guard had flown multiple aircraft over an area “about the size of Connecticut”.

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A commercial vessel that operates unmanned vehicles joined the mission on Monday night, he added.

“Folks have been working around the clock to mobilise gear to get it to the site and to participate in the search for this submersible,” he said.

The pilot and crew, known as “mission specialists”, would have received extensive training in the event of complications onboard.

They included Mr Nargeolet, 77, a former French Navy diver who has visited the wreckage more than 35 times.

In a 2019 interview with the Irish Examiner, the New York resident issued a chilling warning about the dangers of submerging to such extreme depths.

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“If you are 11m or 11km down, if something bad happens, the result is the same,” Mr Nargeolet said. “When you’re in very deep water, you’re dead before you realise that something is happening, so it’s just not a problem.”

Mr Rush, the CEO of OceanGate Expeditions, who is also onboard, is another experienced underwater explorer.

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He has piloted the Titan to a depth of 4,000m alone, only the second person after filmmaker James Cameron to carry out a solo submersible dive deeper than 3,000m, according to a profile on the OceanGate website.

In a presentation at the GeekWire summit in 2022, Mr Rush said the Titan had visited the wreck site 13 times in 2021 and 2022 without incident.

Hamish Harding, an experienced explorer, also onboard, would have been “calm and collected” in an emergency, his friend and fellow explorer Jannicke Mikkelsen told CNN.

“Hamish is larger than life. He lives exploration. He is an explorer to the core of his soul,” Ms Mikkelson said.

“He has been to the bottom of planet Earth in the Mariana Trench… he’s even been in space. We circumnavigated the planet together,” she added.

At 4,000m (13,120ft), the potential depth of the Titan makes it one of the deepest ocean rescue missions in history.

In 2022, the Curv-21 was deployed to recover the wreckage of an F-35 fight jet from the South China Sea at a depth of approximately 3780m (12,400 ft).

The Curv-21 attached a hoist to the wreckage to allow it to be pulled back to the ocean surface, according to the US Navy.

In 1973, two British sailors were rescued from a depth of 487m (1,600 ft) after becoming stranded in a six-foot steel ball.

The survivors had 12 minutes of oxygen remaining when they were finally pulled from the sea, according to the BBC.

Former British Navy Rear Admiral Chris Parry said the lack of contact with the Titan over the past 48 hours was “very concerning”.

Mr Parry said the submersible could have become caught up in the Titanic wreckage or suffered a “catastrophic” mechanical failure onboard.

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The 22-foot-long Titan takes around two hours to reach the ocean bed, where the Titanic sank in 1912 causing the deaths of 1,500 crew and passengers.

This means the vessel was likely close to the wreck site when it lost contact with support crews.

“Having listened to the timescale it’s very worrying,” Mr Parry told Sky News.

“There’s an optimistic option and that’s that it’s either lost an umbilical communication with the surface or indeed there’s been a malfunction and the submarine continues to operate but obviously out of contact with its mother ship,” he said.

“Obviously on the other end of the scale there could have been an accident. It could have become entangled in the wreckage of the Titanic. It could indeed have had a catastrophic failure.”

Though on Wednesday (21 June), a Canadian P-8 aircraft detected underwater noises described as “tapping sounds”. Follow-up surveillance did not turn up the missing sub.

Captain Frederick admitted that the search teams had no idea what the sounds were, and searches around the areas they came from had failed to yield any trace of the missing sub. The sounds were being analysed by US Navy specialists.

He also said two underwater remote operated vehicle (ROVs) had also been deployed in the search zone.

In addition, two Canadian P-3 aircraft were flying back-to-back missions, and two C-130 aircraft would continue to fly through the day and into the evening.

On Wednesday, the first photo emerged of the Deep Energy rescue ship, which carries two remote operated vehicles (ROVs) capable of operating to a depth of 3,000m, arriving at the search site. The John Cabot, which has “side scanning sonar capabilities”, the Skandi Vinland and the Atlantic Merlin also arrived at the search site on Wednesday morning, the US Coast Guard said in a Twitter post.

However, the French ship Atalante carrying the Victor 6,000 underwater (ROV) and winch — the only one capable of reaching the Titanic wreck 4,000m under the ocean surface — will have a narrow window of time to conduct rescue operations as it is only expected to reach the search site on Wednesday night.

An adviser to OceanGate Expeditions who pulled out of the tour at the last minute has claimed that US officials were slow to react after the Titan was reported missing on Sunday.

David Concannon told NewsNation on Monday that vital rescue equipment that could help locate the Titan is currently thousands of miles away in the Guernsey Channel Islands.

The equipment and crew were ready and waiting to be sent to the Atlantic Ocean to help locate the submersible, but had been held up due to US government bureaucracy, he said.

“They are mobilised. They’re sitting on the tarmac, ready to go. We have a ship off Newfoundland that is ready to take them to the site,” he told NewsNation.

“This equipment has been on the tarmac for hours. When I communicate with the US government, I get ‘out of office’ replies, not from everyone, but from key people that have a signoff on this,” he said.

“That’s unacceptable. I don’t want to discourage the government officials that are helping because they’re doing their jobs, but we need to do it quicker.”

The US Coast Guard rejected an offer by British company Magellan Limited to send a deep-sea submersible craft that may have been able to reach the Titanic wreckage site, which lies 4,000m under the ocean surface.

The US First Coast Guard District said it turned down the offer “after careful consideration” because of the length of time it would take to reach the search site.