Andrew Brunson: Why has Turkey detained Christian pastor at centre of diplomatic crisis with US?

When Andrew Brunson saw a police summons on his door in late summer 2016, the US evangelical pastor thought it was a routine appointment to sort out his residency papers in Turkey, his home for nearly a quarter of a century.

He went to the police station on October 7, 2016, was detained and later charged with involvement in a coup attempt. He is still in detention and is now at the centre of a diplomatic row that has fuelled Turkey's most serious currency crisis for almost two decades.

"Obviously he was more than surprised" to be detained, Mr Brunson's lawyer, Ismail Cem Halavurt, told Reuters in an interview on Friday.

Mr Brunson lived and preached in Izmir, a city on Turkey's Aegean coast near some of the sites of Christianity's first communities. At his first hearing in April, attended by Reuters, Mr Brunson said he was "raising disciples for Jesus" in a country he deeply loved.

In July, after nearly two years in prison, Mr Brunson was moved to house arrest. A court on Friday rejected an appeal to release him, saying evidence was still being collected and he posed a flight risk, according to a copy of the ruling seen by Reuters.

US President Donald Trump has demanded Mr Brunson's unconditional release, describing him as a "great patriot hostage", and has slapped sanctions and tariffs on Turkey which have helped push the lira currency to record lows.

Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan has linked Mr Brunson's release to the fate of Fethullah Gulen, a Turkish Muslim cleric living in the United States whom he blames for the July 2016 coup attempt. Mr Erdogan has raised tariffs on US cars, alcohol and tobacco in a tit-for-tat response.

"You have one pastor as well. Give him (Gulen) to us... Then we will try him (Brunson) and give him to you," Mr Erdogan said in a speech last September to police officers in Ankara. It is a suggestion Washington has dismissed.

The breakdown in relations between the two NATO allies has thrust Mr Brunson's case to international prominence and made the 50-year-old American the unlikely centre of attention in a currency crisis that has shaken global emerging markets.

Turkish courts have rejected several appeals for Mr Brunson to be freed and allowed to leave Turkey. A senior Turkish official, asked about the case, said that the judiciary is independent and the verdict is up to the courts.

Mr Halavurt, Mr Brunson's lawyer, said the North Carolina pastor was not unduly alarmed when he first went to the police station. He expected at worst to be given a two-week deadline to leave the country - standard practice with residency violations - and to return to Turkey when his papers were sorted out.

Instead, he was held in a detention centre for two months before being formally arrested on December 9, 2016.

He was charged with crimes committed on behalf of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), a Kurdish militant group which has waged a three-decade insurgency against the Turkish state, and on behalf of Mr Gulen's network, according to the indictment seen by Reuters. Both are designated terrorist groups by Ankara.

He was also charged with disclosing state information "for political or military espionage".

Mr Brunson has denied all the charges against him.

Secret Witnesses

His indictment, interviews with his lawyer, and three trial sessions attended by Reuters show the accusations against Mr Brunson centre around support for separatist Kurds and connections with alleged coup plotters.

"I came to Turkey in 1993 to tell people about Jesus," he told the judge at his first hearing in April. Dressed in a black suit and white shirt, he spoke in fluent Turkish, ignoring the two court translators.

"I've never done something secretive in my time in Turkey. The government monitored us all the time but I've never done anything against Turkey," he said.

The judge told Mr Brunson he was not on trial for carrying out missionary activities but to face the charges against him.

Prosecutors questioned why he travelled hundreds of miles from his church on Turkey's western coast to the mainly Kurdish southeast interior, where the PKK is active.

Messages on his phones, travel details, testimony from his congregation and what the indictment refers to as three secret witnesses, codenamed "Prayer", "Fire" and "Meteor", were cited in evidence against him.

The indictment cites GPS data showing trips to Suruc, near the Syrian border, and the mainly Kurdish city of Diyarbakir, as well as a meeting in 2010 with a man described by one of the secret witnesses as a US Special Forces soldier.

Mr Brunson said his trips to Kurdish areas were to help refugees who had escaped war in neighbouring Syria.

"I do not accept that I acted in accordance with PKK targets ... We wanted to convert Syrian refugees coming to Izmir. I do not differentiate between their ethnic identities," he said.

"Prayer", the secret witness, was quoted in the indictment as saying Mr Brunson was linked to prominent suspected members of Mr Gulen's network.

Mr Halavurt said the witness had failed to offer concrete evidence of any such connections.

The prosecution said in its indictment that Mr Brunson's phone records and witness testimony did establish the connections.

Turkey has detained 160,000 people since the abortive putsch, almost half of them formally charged and kept in jail during their trials.

Mr Brunson was not in the country at the time of the coup attempt but returned soon afterwards, according to his lawyer. In a text message cited in the indictment, he said the coup attempt "was a shock".

"We were waiting for some events that would shake the Turks - preparing the conditions for Jesus' return ... I think the situation is going to get worse. We'll win in the end," said the message, which was dated July 21, 2016 and addressed to a fellow pastor, according to the indictment.

Mr Brunson did not deny sending the message but said it had been misunderstood, the indictment said.

"We Didn't Know Him"

In the Alsancak district of Izmir where Mr Brunson lived, a pharmacy owner described him and his wife as "quiet people".

The owner of a boutique two streets from his home said she never met him. "I know everyone in this neighbourhood and I had no idea these people lived here," she said.

Turkey's government says it was similarly unaware of Mr Brunson until his case was raised by the US consulate.

Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said this month that the case was triggered by a criminal complaint filed by a translator who had worked for Mr Brunson and denied that the pastor had been detained for use as a political pawn.

"What possible benefit could we get from this person," Mr Cavusoglu said at a meeting of Turkey's ruling party in the southern coastal town of Alanya.

The senior Turkish official said negotiations had been held with US counterparts "in different formats" but declined to comment further.

At a NATO summit in Brussels last month, Mr Trump and Mr Erdogan discussed Mr Brunson. Mr Trump thought he and his Turkish counterpart had agreed a deal to release the US pastor, according to two US sources.

Turkey has denied any such swap was agreed upon.

Mr Erdogan had sought US help to persuade Israeli authorities to release a Turkish woman being held in Israel, accused of ties to the Palestinian militant group Hamas. In exchange, Ankara would release Mr Brunson, a senior White House official said.

Israel deported the Turkish detainee, Ebru Ozkan, on July 15 and later confirmed that Mr Trump had requested her release. Ankara has denied ever agreeing to free Mr Brunson in return.

Mr Brunson's transfer to house arrest 10 days later was deemed too little, too late by Washington and a phone call between the two leaders on July 26 "did not go well", according to the US official.

Hours later, Mr Trump announced sanctions against two Turkish government ministers.

"They should have given him back a long time ago, and Turkey has in my opinion acted very, very badly," Mr Trump told reporters at the White House on Friday, referring to Mr Brunson.

Mr Brunson's next court hearing is scheduled for October.

Reuters