EXPLAINER: A look at West's tightening sanctions on Russia

The United States and European allies are stepping up sanctions to make Russia pay for invading Ukraine, and while the penalties are hurting Russia’s economy, they have failed so far to stop the fighting.

The White House announced additional financial sanctions Thursday aimed at people in President Vladimir Putin’s inner circle, and the State Department said it was imposing travel bans on 19 Russian oligarchs and dozens of their family members and associates.

Earlier this week, the White House announced new sanctions against Russia and its ally, Belarus, including export controls aimed at Russia’s oil refiners. The U.S. joined Europe and Canada in closing its airspace to Russian airlines. And the Justice Department announced a new initiative to go after Russian oligarchs.

The ratcheting up of sanctions has had a surprisingly quick effect. The ruble has dropped sharply and inflation is on the rise, creating new anxiety for Russian consumers — not just the oligarchs targeted in early measures. A pullout of foreign companies has caused car factories in Russia to shut down, and Boeing and Airbus have stopped supplying parts and services to Russian airlines.

Russia’s economy is less than one-tenth the size of the U.S. economy — only half as big as California’s alone — and economists believe it will shrink further, a fate incongruous with Russia’s standing as the world’s second-leading nuclear power.

Here’s a look at some of the sanctions now in place. Combined, they add up to some of the toughest penalties imposed on any nation short of military action.

LATEST MOVE

New sanctions will target Putin ally Alisher Usmanov, one of the wealthiest people in Russia, and Putin's press secretary, among others. The White House said they will be cut off from the U.S. financial system and their assets in the United States will be frozen.

HINDERING RUSSIA'S CENTRAL BANK

The United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom have limited the ability of Russia's central bank to draw on more than $600 billion in foreign currency reserves. That has left the central bank with few tools to prop up the ruble and prevent it from crumbling in value.

The shrinking ruble has caused inflation to spiral. Russians have lined up at banks to withdraw rubles and convert them into dollars, which reduces the central bank's foreign-currency reserves.

“In Ukraine, people are standing in line to get guns. In Russia, people are standing at the ATM machines because they understand they might not be able to get this money in two days, or it will be, like, twice as less,” Ukrainian parliament member Oleksandra Ustinova said while lobbying U.S. senators for even tougher measures.

SWIFT HIT

The West has cut key Russian banks out of a financial messaging system known as SWIFT, which is used every day to route billions of dollars among more than 11,000 banks and other financial institutions around the world.

The U.S. and its allies have held back from kicking all of Russia out of SWIFT, just as they considered but rejected that step in 2014, when Russia invaded and annexed Crimea from Ukraine. Russia has declared that kicking it out of SWIFT would be equivalent to a declaration of war.

Kicking Russia out of Brussels-based SWIFT could also hurt other economies, including those of the U.S. and Germany, which buy oil and natural gas from Russia.

CUTTING OFF TECHNOLOGY

The U.S. said last month that it would limit exports of technology such as semiconductors to Russia, and allies in Europe and Japan cooperated in the move. This week, the Biden administration announced that it would extend those export controls to Russian oil refineries and Belarus.

The latest measures include sanctions targeting 22 Russian defense organizations that make combat planes, drones, tanks, missiles and electronic-warfare systems.

President Joe Biden said the earlier exports controls would deprive Russia of more than half its current high-tech supply and strike a blow against Russia's hopes of modernizing its military, aerospace industry and space program.

The export controls could make it difficult for Russia to update airplane equipment, machine tools, smartphones, game consoles, televisions, tablets and other gadgets. However, the restrictions could simply cause Russia to turn to China to meet its needs for those devices and their components.

ENERGY

Exports of oil and natural gas are vital to Russia's economy, but those products have largely been spared sanctions because Western leaders are wary of moves that might hurt their own consumers. Oil prices have already moved higher since Russia's invasion.

The White House says all options remain on the table, but banning Russian energy imports could restrict global supplies and "raise prices at the gas pump for Americans,″ White House spokeswoman Karine Jean-Pierre said Wednesday. “That’s something that we’re very aware of.″

Biden is clearly worried about rising gasoline prices heading into the mid-term elections this year, having announced the release of oil from the federal Strategic Petroleum Reserve. U.S. gasoline prices are at their highest levels since 2014.

Senators from both major parties have proposed banning U.S. imports of Russian oil.

“It makes no sense at all for us to rely on energy from a country that is actively engaging in acts of war against a freedom-seeking democracy — Ukraine — when we are blessed with abundant energy resources right here in America,″ said Sen. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va., a prominent supporter of fossil fuels produced in his state.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said Thursday that Europe has enough gas to make it through the heating season, which is starting to wind down.

AEROSPACE AND AIRLINES

After hesitating for days because of potential retaliation, the United States closed its airspace to Russian airlines. The move came only after the European Union and Canada had already barred Russian planes.

The U.S. prohibition is mostly symbolic. Russian airline Aeroflot operated only a few flights a week to the U.S., and no U.S. passenger airlines fly to Russia, although a few United Airlines flights were passing through Russian airspace on their way to and from India. Cargo carriers FedEx and UPS stopped service to Russia in recent days.

Although it will take longer to be felt, the announcement that Boeing and Airbus will cut off spare parts and technical support to Russian airlines is of more serious concern for Russians. Most planes in Russian fleets are made by one of those two companies, according to data from aviation researcher Cirium.

OLIGARCHS

The Justice Department announced this week that it will create a team of federal agents and prosecutors to pursue wealthy Russians or anyone else who aids Russia’s invasion of Ukraine or uses cryptocurrency to help Russia evade sanctions. The team, called Task Force Kleptocapture, could seize assets belonging to oligarchs.

Even before the new team was lined up in Washington, France seized a yacht belonging to the head of Russian state oil company Rosneft, and a German official said a yacht owned by another Russian billionaire won't move from the Hamburg shipyard where it is being serviced.

And then there is Roman Abramovich, the Russian billionaire who said he is looking to sell Chelsea, the English soccer club that he has owned for 19 years, as he faces potential financial sanctions.

At a game this week, opposing fans taunted Abramovich's players by chanting: “You’re getting sold in the morning."

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Koenig contributed from Dallas.