Chadwick Boseman: What are the symptoms of colon cancer and how common is it?

Black Panther star Chadwick Boseman has died aged 43 after suffering from colon cancer.

The actor, who also played Jackie Robinson and James Brown early in his career, died at home in Los Angeles with his wife and family by his side, his publicist said in a statement.

Boseman had not revealed his cancer diagnosis to the public.

Colon cancer, which is often grouped with rectal cancer under the term bowel cancer, is the third most common type diagnosed in men and women in the United States, according to the American Cancer Society.

But, what are the symptoms and can it be treated? Here is everything you need to know.

According to Macmillan Cancer support, the colon is part of the large bowel, which is part of the digestive system.

Colon cancer is more common in older people and in the UK, almost six in 10 bowel cancer cases (58 per cent) each year are diagnosed in people aged 70 and over.

The American Cancer Society, adds that cancer of the colon frequently starts as growths, called polyps, on the inner lining of the colon.

However, not all polyps become cancerous and the likelihood of the polyp turning into cancer is dependent on the type of polyp it is.

The organisation states that there are two main types of polyps, Adenomatous polyps (adenomas), which sometimes morph into cancer, and Hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps, which are more common and generally do not cause cancer.

Other factors that increase the risk of a polyp becoming cancerous include if a polyp is larger than 1cm, if there are more than two polyps found, or if dysplasia, a pre-cancerous condition, is found in the polyp after it is removed.

The stages of colon cancer are diagnosed by how deeply the cancer has spread into the wall of the colon.

Because polyps are typically small and rarely produce symptoms, doctors recommend regular screenings for polyps and colon cancer.

Macmillan Cancer Support states that symptoms may include:

Sometimes the cancer can cause a blockage in the bowel, causing you to feel constipated and bloated, vomit and have tummy pain.

These symptoms can be caused by conditions other than colon cancer, but you should always have them checked by your doctor.

In the US, nearly 50,000 men and 50,000 women were diagnosed with colon cancer in 2019.

The disease, which is the third leading cause of cancer death in men and women, mainly affects older adults.

In the UK, bowel cancer is the fourth most common cancer, Bowel Cancer UK states. More than 42,000 people are diagnosed with bowel cancer every year in the UK.

More than nine out of ten new cases (94 per cent) are diagnosed in people over the age of 50, and nearly six out of ten cases (59 per cent) are diagnosed in people aged 70 or over. However, bowel cancer can affect anyone of any age, with more than 2,500 new cases are diagnosed each year in people under the age of 50.

Macmillan Cancer Support states that once you have been diagnosed, a team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT).

Surgery is the most common treatment for colon cancer. But the treatment you have depends on the stage of the cancer and where it is in the colon. It also depends on your general health and preferences.

Treatment may also include chemotherapy and target therapies.

What risk factors increase the chance of colon cancer?

Doctors do not know the exact causes of colon cancer. But there are risk factors that can increase your chance of developing it.

Old age, African-American race, family history, having an inflammatory intestinal conditions such as ulcerative colitis, a low fibre high-fat diet, a sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, obesity, smoking and alcohol all may increase the risk of developing colon cancer, according to the Mayo Clinic.

You can learn more about colon cancer here.