Rats as big as sheep: Rodents could evolve to fill niches as larger mammals go extinct

Scientists believe rats could eventually grow to the size of sheep or even bigger as they evolve to fill vacant ecological niches.

The scenario could become a reality as super-adaptable rats take advantage of larger mammals becoming extinct, an expert predicts.

"Animals will evolve, over time, into whatever designs will enable them to survive and to produce offspring," said geologist Dr Jan Zalasiewicz, from the University of Leicester.

"For instance, in the Cretaceous Period, when the dinosaurs lived, there were mammals, but these were very small, rat and mouse-sized, because dinosaurs occupied the larger ecological niches. Only once the dinosaurs were out of the way did these tiny mammals evolve into many different forms, including some very large and impressive ones: brontotheriums, horses, mastodons, mammoths, rhinoceri and more.

"Given enough time, rats could probably grow to be at least as large as the capybara, the world's largest rodent, that lives today, that can reach 80 kilos (176 pounds). If the ecospace was sufficiently empty, then they could get larger still."

The largest extinct rodent known, Josephoartegasia monesi, which lived three million years ago, was larger than a bull and weighed over a ton. Like its modern-day relative, the sheep-sized capybara, it lived in South America.

A hint of what could be ahead can be seen on "rat islands" - isolated regions where rats introduced by humans have quickly risen to become the dominant species.

"They are now on many, if not most, islands around the world - and once there, have proved extraordinarily hard to eradicate. They're often there for good, essentially. Once there, they have out-competed many native species and at times have driven them to extinction.

"As a result, ecospace is being emptied, and rats are in a good position to re-fill a significant chunk of it, in the mid to far geological future."

Gigantism is a well known evolutionary response that occurs when a small creature steps into an ecological niche left by a larger species. Fifty million years ago, a distant ancestor of the blue whale was the size of a wolf, Dr Zalasiewicz pointed out.

He expected rats to adapt in a host of other ways, besides some of them growing to a large size.
"Animals can evolve to smaller as well as larger sizes," he said. "This will depend on what particular circumstances they find themselves in and what the selective pressures on them are.

"Each island that rats are now present on is in effect a laboratory of future evolution, and each will produce different results.

"So there will be future thin rats, future fat rats, slow and heavy rats, fast and ferocious rats, probably future aquatic rats - the list goes on. Other animals will likely follow the same pattern, such as domestic cats, rabbits, goats and more."

He suspected that rats will have a major influence on the geological future of the Earth and over time were likely to produce "some remarkable descendants".