Gaddafi responds with artillery bombardment of rebel stronghold

Even as the votes to take on the Libyan regime were cast last night, the battle for Benghazi was under way. Col Gaddafi's warplanes carried out several strikes on the city and artillery volleys started to come in on rebel defensive positions from units approaching from several directions.

The skies above were lit up by constant streams of anti-aircraft fire. The revolutionary forces, buoyed by reports that the vote in New York had gone for military action, had fired round after round in celebration before moving towards the western gates of the city vowing to head for the enemy.

The opposition believed that at last – a month to the day after Libya's revolution began – their only realistic hope of avoiding defeat at the hands of the regime had finally come true. But there is a fierce battle ahead. The shooting took place with the constant background sound of mosques in the city playing chants of "Allah hu Akhbar" at high decibel through loudspeakers. The chant was taken up by the rebel fighters, the Shabbab. Much of the firing were chaotic with heavy calibre guns used at random. Flames appeared in parts of the city with black smoke blending into the night sky.

Down below, however, Benghazi was a bright target for the warplanes. No attempt had been made to dim the lights in any of the public buildings in the centre and residential areas also lit up as people came out to windows and balconies to watch the action with some women ululating.

The mood of the rebel fighters, who had suffered repeated defeats in recent weeks and had been forced to withdraw from town after town was buoyant. As he manned his anti-aircraft gun, Selim Astersi shouted: "The devil Gaddafi wants to come into Benghazi, we shall throw him back. We shall prove ourselves. We shall avenge all those he killed."

Khalid Ibrahimi stopped his truck, carrying five fighters in the back, to ask: "Is it true that they have voted [at the UN] yes? That is what we needed my brothers, we have got help at last." At just after 1am local time, two explosions echoed through the waterfront followed by machine-gun fire. Shabaab fighters claimed infiltrators had come into the city but it seemed more likely that some ammunition had detonated by celebratory fire.

The firing began to subside at around 2am, amid claims that in an attack beyond the city the Gaddafi fighters had been driven back. Rebel fighters continued to fire anti-aircraft rounds into the air despite there being no discernible presence of warplanes. Several hundred members of the revolutionary forces had gathered at the edge of the city and many of them headed off down the road west in pursuit of the enemy.

As the city erupted in welcoming the vote in New York, it was easy to forget that not long ago the war was just 50 miles away. The rebels had spent the day in shifting moods, watching the conflict edge ever closer: by turns defiant – or cowed and confused. On occasions they fought, but mostly it was one long retreat forced by pounding barrages from land and air by Colonel Gaddafi's forces. As the withdrawal has continued, there has been deep bitterness in Benghazi at what was seen as the West's indifference to the suffering inflicted by the regime. But the first that the UN was considering air strikes led to cheering in cafés where customers are glued to television news.

The sighting of two foreign frigates heightened expectations. In the event the warships did not intervene during two air strikes on Benghazi yesterday, both aimed at the airport which was already inoperable due to earlier bombings. A plane went down, an "enemy aircraft" destroyed in battle according to claims by both the rebels and the regime. Or it may have been, as an official inadvertently disclosed, one of the two which comprises the opposition's air force, hit by friendly fire.

The capital of "Free Libya", meanwhile, continued its fractured lifestyle. Marches celebrating the anniversary took place, alongside chants for democracy. Cars were heading out of the city, with families piled inside with their belongings, as gunfire echoed around the perimeters of the city.

A few of the rebel leadership have slipped away. Some of the ones who remained repeated the now familiar mantra that Benghazi will be saved, Colonel Gaddafi's troops would be thrown back, that there was a military plan in place for this.

That was the one remaining hope of the rebels falling back to Abdullah Athi yesterday. "We could not hold our position ahead, I do not know whether we can hold here, it is too exposed," said Ashraf Faraz Ali. "But we will have better defences in Benghazi. We are prepared there."

But there was no discernible evidence of this in Benghazi, no sign of defences being prepared for the coming onslaught - and whatever the UN has said, the rebels were still fighting on their own last night. The young fighters at the checkpoints into the city were jittery. "We went to the front, but they turned us back", 19-year-old Mohammed Akhoki gulped nervously. "They said that our rifles would be no match for the heavy weapons of the Gaddafi men. But we would rather face them out there, when they were some way off. We have been told we must not let them into Benghazi. So we will fight and we will probably die."

By yesterday evening the regime was in control of the port of Zuwaytina and the town of Adjabiya, and its forces had taken a detour south from where they would be in a position to seal the Egyptian border, the main source of supplies for the protest movement, and also approach Tobruk, the only other major city still in rebel hands. Adjabiya's main hospital has been unable to send the seriously wounded to Benghazi. There were around 30 dead there, including some very young children. Dr Hafid Bahlagi, who had been working with little sleep for 24 hours, said: "Some of them could have been saved, if we had delivered them for correct treatment in time. But the ambulances were fired on and it became impossible to provide transport. There have been more young fatalities than we have been seeing."

Khalid Abu, who had left the town during a lull in the shooting, saw a van on the side of the road with windows shattered and two bodies inside. "We don't know whether they were civilians or fighters. If you stopped you risked being attacked yourself, they are shooting at everything," he stated.

There had still been some fighting inside Ajdabiya in the morning with pockets of resistance from groups of the Shabaab, the revolutionary forces. After a while they had given up, hidden their weapons, and sought refuge with residents. But that did not put them out of harm's way, according to Mr Abu. "There are Gaddafi supporters who are going around with the soldiers, they are pointing out houses. Nowhere is safe there at this time."

Yusuf Karim Suleyman has decided that Benghazi is no longer safe. The 42-year-old lawyer and human rights activist has already experienced Colonel Gaddafi's prisons and had no wish to repeat the experience. It was his last day in Libya before returning to exile in the Netherlands.

Watching a rally outside the Central Courthouse, which has become a focal point for the opposition in recent weeks, Mr Suleyman said: "This is probably one of the last chances they will have to enjoy freedom. Some of them may decide soon they are loyal to Gaddafi after all. It is not something pleasant to think about, but people do all kinds of things when they are afraid, turn on their families, their friends. We saw this in prison, and if Gaddafi wins, the whole of Libya will be a prison camp soon."

Timeline: How the world finally agreed to act

Wednesday 2 March

Muammar Gaddafi warns of “another Vietnam” if foreign powers move to intervene in Libya.

Thursday 3 March

Pentagon officials outline the scepticism that would initially define US policy towards a no-fly zone, which they say would involve deeper intervention in Libya. Robert Gates, Defence Secretary, says: “Let's just call a spade a spade: A no-fly zone begins with an attack on Libya to destroy the air defenses? It is a big operation in a big country.”

Wednesday 9 March

At a Nato defence ministers' meeting in Brussels, Hillary Clinton batted the issue away to a divided international community. "We want to see the international community support it? it is very important that this not be a US-led effort.”

Thursday 10 March

Gaddafi's superior military forces meant his "regime will prevail" in the longer term, the US director of national intelligence, James Clapper, said in comments that underlined the administration’s ambivalence.

Saturday 12 March

The Arab League backs a no-fly zone, in what Mrs Clinton would later call an “extraordinary statement” that assuaged Obama administration concerns about being seen to invade another largely-Muslim country.

Monday 14 March

Mrs Clinton meets with the Libyan opposition leader Mahmoud Jibril in Paris, but briefings by aides afterwards suggested she did not offer support for a no-fly zone.

Tuesday 15 March

The White House continued to deflect talk of a no-fly zone, and spokesman Jay Carney floated the idea of using billions of dollars of assets seized from the Libyan leader to provide monetary help to the opposition.

An evening meeting of the administration’s national security team, however, examined military options, in the light of growing international and domestic pressure to impose a no-fly zone.

Wednesday 16 March

David Cameron at Prime Minister’s Questions betrays evidence of his frustration with the US. "Of course there are a wide range of views in the UN,” he said, “but I would urge others to take the right steps so that actually we show some leadership on this issue and make sure we get rid of this regime."

Behind the scenes, British military officials and diplomats have been pressing the Obama administration strongly, and pressure mounts from other countries, too. French president Nicolas Sarkozy wrote to all the Security Council government heads to say, “together, let's save the martyred Libyan people”.

Later in the day, Susan Rice, US ambassador to the UN, signals the surprise American policy U-turn and asks the Security Council to “contemplate steps that include but perhaps go beyond a no-fly zone”.

Thursday 17 March

US leads Security Council debate on the final wording of a resolution ordering a no-fly zone and other measures to protect civilians.